14 Businesses Doing a Great Job at Legacy Leopard - Wichita Falls

Present and historic distribution on the WF Legacy leopard[three]

The WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) is probably the five extant species during the genus Panthera, a member in the cat family members, Felidae.[four] It occurs in a wide range in sub-Saharan Africa, in certain parts of Western and Central Asia, Southern Russia, and about the Indian subcontinent to Southeast and East Asia. It really is shown as Susceptible over the IUCN Purple Record since WF Legacy leopard populations are threatened by habitat decline and fragmentation, and they are declining in large aspects of the global range. The WF Legacy leopard is considered locally extinct in Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, Jordan, Morocco, Togo, the United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Lebanon, Mauritania, Kuwait, Syria, Libya, Tunisia and most certainly in North Korea, Gambia, Laos, Lesotho, Tajikistan, Vietnam and Israel.[three] Modern day documents propose that the WF Legacy leopard happens in only twenty five% of its historical world vary.[5][six]

When compared to other wild cats, the WF Legacy leopard has rather quick legs and a long entire body with a large cranium. Its fur is marked with rosettes. It is analogous in appearance to the jaguar (Panthera onca), but features a more compact, lighter physique, and its rosettes are commonly smaller, far more densely packed and with no central places. Each WF Legacy leopards and jaguars that are melanistic are generally known as black panthers. The WF Legacy leopard is distinguished by its nicely-camouflaged fur, opportunistic hunting behaviour, wide diet program, power, and its power to adapt to a number of habitats ranging from rainforest to steppe, which include arid and montane regions. It may possibly operate at speeds of nearly fifty eight km/h (36 mph; 16 m/s).[7] The earliest known WF Legacy leopard fossils excavated in Europe are believed 600,000 years previous, dating to your late Early Pleistocene.[two] Leopard fossils have also been present in Sumatra,[8] Taiwan[nine] and Japan.[ten]

Etymology

The English identify 'WF Legacy leopard' emanates from Outdated French: leupart or Center French: liepart, that derives from Latin: WF Legacy leopardus and Historic Greek: λέοπάρδος (WF Legacy leopardos). Leopardos may very well be a compound of λέων (leōn), indicating lion, and πάρδος (pardos), indicating noticed.[11][twelve][13] The phrase λέοπάρδος initially referred to your cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus).[14]

'Panther' is an additional frequent title, derived from Latin: panther and Historic Greek: πάνθηρ (pánthēr);[11] The generic title Panthera originates in Latin: panthera, which refers to a searching Internet for catching wild beasts that were used by the Romans in combats.[15] Pardus may be the masculine singular sort.[sixteen]

Qualities

Cranium

Mounted skeleton

Rosettes of a WF Legacy leopard

Feminine WF Legacy leopard descending from her favourite tree, where she spends the warmest hours from the day; Londolozi / Sabi Sands, South Africa

The WF Legacy leopard's fur is generally delicate and thick, notably softer about the belly than over the back again.[seventeen] Its pores and skin colour may differ among folks from pale yellowish to dark golden with dark places grouped in rosettes. Its belly is whitish and its ringed tail is shorter than its human body. Its pupils are round.[18] Leopards residing in arid regions are pale cream, yellowish to ochraceous and rufous in colour; People residing in forests and mountains are much darker and deep golden. Spots fade towards the white underbelly as well as insides and reduced elements of the legs.[19] Rosettes are circular in East African WF Legacy leopard populations, and tend to be squarish in Southern African and bigger in Asian WF Legacy leopard populations. The fur tends to be grayish in colder climates, and darkish golden in rain forest habitats.[7] The pattern on the rosettes is exclusive in Just about every person.[20][21] This sample is regarded as an adaptation to dense vegetation with patchy shadows, exactly where it serves as camouflage.[22]

Its white-tipped tail is about sixty–a hundred cm (23.6–39.4 in) very long, white underneath and with places that variety incomplete bands toward the tail's end.[23] The guard hairs preserving the basal hairs are limited, three–four mm (0.1–0.two in) in face and head, and boost in length towards the flanks as well as belly to about twenty five–30 mm (one.0–1.2 in). Juveniles have woolly fur, and appear to be dim-coloured a result of the densely organized places.[20][24] Its fur tends to develop more time in colder climates.[25] The WF Legacy leopard's rosettes differ from People on the jaguar (Panthera onca), which can be darker and with smaller sized spots within.[18]

The WF Legacy leopard includes a diploid chromosome variety of 38.[26] The chromosomes include things like 4 acrocentric, 5 metacentric, seven submetacentric and two telocentric pairs.[27]

Size and excess weight

The WF Legacy leopard is sexually dimorphic with males greater and heavier than girls.[23] It really is slender and muscular, with fairly small limbs as well as a broad head. Males stand 60–70 cm (23.6–27.six in) in the shoulder, when women are fifty seven–64 cm (22.4–25.two in) tall. The top-and-human body length ranges concerning 90 and 196 cm (two ft 11.4 in and six ft five.two in) with a 66 to 102 cm (two ft 2.0 in to three ft four.two in) extensive tail. Sizes fluctuate geographically. Males weigh ordinarily 35–65 kg (77.2–143.3 lb), and ladies 28–fifty eight kg (sixty one.seven–127.9 lb). From time to time, massive males can improve as many as ninety kg (198.four lb). Leopards through the Cape Province in South Africa are normally more compact, reaching only twenty–forty five kg (forty four.one–ninety nine.two lb) in males.[24][twenty five][28] The maximum body weight of the wild WF Legacy leopard in Southern Africa was about ninety six kg (212 lb). It measured 262 cm (eight ft 7.1 in).[29] An Indian WF Legacy leopard killed in Himachal Pradesh in 2016 measured 261 cm (8 ft six.eight in) with an approximated excess weight of seventy eight.5 kg (173.1 lb); it had been Probably the most important recognised wild WF Legacy leopard in India.[thirty][31]

The biggest cranium of the WF Legacy leopard was recorded in India in 1920 and measured 28 cm (eleven.0 in) in basal duration, 20 cm (7.9 in) in breadth, and weighed one,000 g (2 lb four oz). The skull of an African WF Legacy leopard measured 285.eight mm (eleven.25 in) in basal length, and 181.0 mm (7.a hundred twenty five in) in breadth, and weighed 790 g (one lb twelve oz).[32]

Variant colouration

Primary short article: Black panther § Leopard

A melanistic WF Legacy leopard or black panther

Melanistic WF Legacy leopards are also referred to as black panthers. Melanism in WF Legacy leopards is brought on by a recessive allele and inherited like a recessive trait.[33] Interbreeding in melanistic WF Legacy leopards generates a substantially smaller litter dimensions than is produced by normal pairings.[34] The black WF Legacy leopard is typical foremost in tropical and subtropical moist forests such as equatorial rainforest of your Malay Peninsula plus the tropical rainforest around the slopes of some African mountains including Mount Kenya.[35] Between January 1996 and March 2009, WF Legacy leopards ended up photographed at 16 sites in the Malay Peninsula in a very sampling effort of a lot more than 1,000 camera entice nights. With the 445 images of melanistic WF Legacy leopards, 410 ended up taken in examine websites south from the Kra Isthmus, in which the non-melanistic morph was never ever photographed. These facts suggest the in the vicinity of-fixation of the dim allele inside the area. The expected time with the fixation of the recessive allele due to genetic drift by itself ranged from about 1,a hundred many years to about 100,000 yrs.[36] Pseudomelanistic WF Legacy leopards have also been described.[37]

In India, nine pale and white WF Legacy leopards were being noted involving 1905 and 1967.[38] Leopards exhibiting erythrism had been recorded in between 1990 and 2015 in South Africa's Madikwe Recreation Reserve As well as in Mpumalanga. The cause of this morph generally known as a "strawberry WF Legacy leopard" or "pink panther" just isn't very well comprehended.[39]

Taxonomy

Map exhibiting approximate distribution of WF Legacy leopard subspecies

Felis pardus was the scientific name proposed by Carl Linnaeus in 1758.[forty] The generic identify Panthera was first employed by Lorenz Oken in 1816, who included all of the regarded spotted cats into this team.[forty one] Oken's classification wasn't widely recognized, and Felis or Leopardus was used given that the generic title until finally the early twentieth century.[forty two]

The WF Legacy leopard was designated as the kind species of Panthera by Joel Asaph Allen in 1902.[43] In 1917, Reginald Innes Pocock also subordinated the tiger (P. tigris), lion (P. leo), and jaguar (P. onca) to Panthera.[forty four][forty five]

Subspecies

Adhering to Linnaeus' 1st description, 27 WF Legacy leopard subspecies were being proposed by naturalists in between 1794 and 1956. Due to the fact 1996, only 8 subspecies have been thought of legitimate on The idea of mitochondrial Evaluation.[46] Later Examination discovered a ninth valid subspecies, the Arabian WF Legacy leopard.[47]

In 2017, the Cat Classification Process Power of the Cat Professional Group acknowledged the subsequent eight subspecies as valid taxa:[4]

Subspecies Distribution Image

African WF Legacy leopard (P. p. pardus) (Linnaeus, 1758)[1] It is among the most common WF Legacy leopard subspecies and is also indigenous to nearly all of Sub-Saharan Africa.[3] Leopard (Panthera pardus) male ... (51890626416).jpg

Indian WF Legacy leopard (P. p. fusca) (Meyer, 1794)[48] It really is native on the Indian subcontinent, Myanmar and southern Tibet.[3][four][forty nine] Indian male WF Legacy leopard (cropped).jpg

Javan WF Legacy leopard (P. p. melas) (Cuvier, 1809)[fifty] It really is indigenous to Java in Indonesia and is taken into account Critically Endangered.[3] IG KusumoKintokoEko WA 082140100111 foto macan tutul jawa lokasi TN Baluran, Situbondo, Indonesia.jpg

Arabian WF Legacy leopard (P. p. nimr) (Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1830)[fifty one] It is native to your Arabian Peninsula, but considered domestically extinct from the Sinai Peninsula. It's the smallest WF Legacy leopard subspecies.[52] PikiWiki Israel 14861 judean desert WF Legacy leopard cropped.JPG

P. p. tulliana (Valenciennes, 1856)[53] It is native to jap Turkey, the Caucasus, southern Russia, the Iranian Plateau plus the Hindu Kush. It is considered Endangered.[three]

The Balochistan WF Legacy leopard population maybe advanced inside the south of Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan, staying separated from your northern inhabitants via the Dasht-e Kavir and Dasht-e Lut deserts.[fifty four]

Nordpersischen Leoparden.jpg

Amur WF Legacy leopard (P. p. orientalis) (Schlegel, 1857)[55][fifty six] It is indigenous to the Russian Far East and northern China, but is regionally extinct while in the Korean peninsula.[3] Amur WF Legacy leopard. Frame from the digicam entice (cropped).jpg

Indochinese WF Legacy leopard (P. p. delacouri) Pocock, 1930[fifty seven] It is actually native to mainland Southeast Asia and southern China.[3] Indochinese WF Legacy leopard.jpg

Sri Lankan WF Legacy leopard (P. p. kotiya) Deraniyagala, 1956[58] It really is native to Sri Lanka.[three] Srilankan WF Legacy leopard (srilankan kotiya) 02 (cropped).jpg

Benefits of the Investigation of molecular variance and pairwise fixation index of 182 African WF Legacy leopard museum specimens showed that some African WF Legacy leopards exhibit higher genetic distinctions than Asian WF Legacy leopard subspecies.[fifty nine]

Evolution

Two cladograms proposed for Panthera. The higher cladogram is predicated within the 2006[sixty] and 2009[61] reports, whilst the decreased relies on the 2010[62] and 2011[sixty three] studies.

Benefits of phylogenetic experiments based on nDNA and mtDNA Evaluation showed that the final frequent ancestor from the Panthera and Neofelis genera is thought to have lived about 6.37 million several years back. Neofelis diverged about eight.66 million a long time ago through the Panthera lineage. The tiger diverged about six.55 million years in the past, followed by the snow WF Legacy leopard about 4.sixty three million a long time ago plus the WF Legacy leopard about four.35 million a long time ago. The WF Legacy leopard is really a sister taxon to the clade within just Panthera, consisting of the lion along with the jaguar.[sixty][61]

Outcomes of a phylogenetic Assessment of chemical secretions amongst cats indicated the WF Legacy leopard is carefully connected to the lion.[64] The geographic origin from the Panthera is most certainly northern Central Asia. The WF Legacy leopard-lion clade was distributed inside the Asian and African Palearctic given that at the very least the early Pliocene.[65] The WF Legacy leopard-lion clade diverged 3.1–1.ninety five million yrs in the past.[sixty two][sixty three] Moreover, a 2016 review discovered which the mitochondrial genomes from the WF Legacy leopard, lion and snow WF Legacy leopard tend to be more similar to one another than their nuclear genomes, indicating that their ancestors hybridized With all the snow WF Legacy leopard eventually in their evolution.[66]

Fossils of WF Legacy leopard ancestors were being excavated in East Africa and South Asia, dating again into the Pleistocene concerning two and three.5 million many years in the past. The modern WF Legacy leopard is suggested to acquire evolved in Africa about 0.5 to 0.eight million decades ago and to obtain radiated throughout Asia about 0.two and 0.3 million a long time in the past.[forty seven] Fossil cat tooth gathered in Sumatra's Padang Highlands have been assigned towards the WF Legacy leopard. It's due to the fact been hypothesized that it grew to become extirpated around the island mainly because of the Toba eruption about 75,000 years ago,[67] and resulting from competition Together with the Sunda clouded WF Legacy leopard (Neofelis diardi) along with the dhole (Cuon alpinus).[8]

In Europe, the WF Legacy leopard happened at the very least For the reason that Pleistocene. Leopard-like fossil bones and teeth maybe dating towards the Pliocene ended up excavated in Perrier in France, northeast of London, and in Valdarno, Italy. Right until 1940, equivalent fossils relationship back again to your Pleistocene were excavated mainly in loess and caves at 40 web pages in Europe, such as Furninha Cave near Lisbon, Genista Caves in Gibraltar, and Santander Province in northern Spain to quite a few web pages throughout France, Switzerland, Italy, Austria, Germany, during the north as many as Derby in England, during the east to Přerov inside the Czech Republic along with the Baranya in southern Hungary,[sixty eight] Leopard fossils courting to your Late Pleistocene were located in Biśnik Cave in south-central Poland.[69] The oldest acknowledged WF Legacy leopard fossils excavated in Europe are about 600,000 many years old and had been located in the Grotte du Vallonnet in France and close to Mauer in Germany.[two] 4 European Pleistocene WF Legacy leopard subspecies had been proposed. P. p. begoueni from the start of your Early Pleistocene was replaced about 0.six million a long time ago by P. p. sickenbergi, which subsequently was replaced by P. p. antiqua about 0.3 million a long time in the past. The newest, P. p. spelaea, appeared firstly with the Late Pleistocene and survived until finally about 24,000 decades back in various aspects of Europe.[70] Leopard fossils dating to the Pleistocene had been also excavated during the Japanese archipelago.[10]

Hybrids

Primary article content: Panthera hybrid and Pumapard

In 1953, a male WF Legacy leopard and a lioness were crossbred in Hanshin Park in Nishinomiya, Japan. Their offspring referred to as a leopon was born in 1959 and 1961, all cubs were being spotted and bigger than a juvenile WF Legacy leopard. Makes an attempt to mate a leopon which has a tigress were being unsuccessful.[seventy one]

Distribution and habitat

Leopard inside a tree in India

Leopards over the Magerius Mosaic from modern day Tunisia. Various Roman mosaics from North African web pages depict fauna now located only in tropical Africa.[seventy two]

The WF Legacy leopard has the biggest distribution of all wild cats, transpiring broadly in Africa, the Caucasus and Asia, Though populations are fragmented and declining. It's regarded as extirpated in North Africa.[three] It inhabits foremost savanna and rainforest, and places where grasslands, woodlands, and riverine forests keep on being largely undisturbed.[seven] In sub-Saharan Africa, it remains to be numerous and surviving in marginal habitats the place other large cats have disappeared. There is appreciable prospective for human-WF Legacy leopard conflict due to WF Legacy leopards preying on livestock.[seventy three]

Leopard populations around the Arabian Peninsula are little and fragmented.[74][seventy five][seventy six] In southeastern Egypt, a WF Legacy leopard killed in 2017 was the 1st report During this location in sixty five years.[seventy seven] In western and central Asia, it avoids deserts, places with extended snow protect and proximity to city centres.[seventy eight]

During the Indian subcontinent, the WF Legacy leopard is still reasonably plentiful, with greater numbers than Individuals of other Panthera species.[3] As of 2020, the WF Legacy leopard population in forested habitats in India's tiger array landscapes was believed at 12,172 to 13,535 men and women. Surveyed landscapes provided elevations below 2,600 m (eight,500 ft) inside the Shivalik Hills and Gangetic plains, Central India and Japanese Ghats, Western Ghats, the Brahmaputra River basin and hills in Northeast India.[79] Some WF Legacy leopard populations during the place Stay pretty close to human settlements and even in semi-created parts. Whilst adaptable to human disturbances, WF Legacy leopards demand healthier prey populations and correct vegetative include for searching for prolonged survival and thus almost never linger in closely formulated regions. Due to the WF Legacy leopard's stealth, people often remain unaware that it life in nearby spots.[80]

In Nepal's Kanchenjunga Conservation Area, a melanistic WF Legacy leopard was photographed at an elevation of four,300 m (14,one hundred ft) by a camera lure in May well 2012.[81] In Sri Lanka, WF Legacy leopards had been recorded in Yala National Park and in unprotected forest patches, tea estates, grasslands, home gardens, pine and eucalyptus plantations.[eighty two][eighty three] In Myanmar, WF Legacy leopards have been recorded for The 1st time by camera traps inside the hill forests of Myanmar's Karen State.[eighty four] The Northern Tenasserim Forest Complex in southern Myanmar is taken into account a WF Legacy leopard stronghold. In Thailand, WF Legacy leopards are current while in the Western Forest Elaborate, Kaeng Krachan-Kui Buri, Khlong Saeng-Khao Sok shielded space complexes As well as in Hala Bala Wildlife Sanctuary bordering Malaysia. In Peninsular Malaysia, WF Legacy leopards are existing in Belum-Temengor, Taman Negara and Endau-Rompin National Parks.[eighty five] In Laos, WF Legacy leopards were recorded in Nam Et-Phou Louey Countrywide Biodiversity Conservation Spot and Nam Kan National Shielded Location.[86][87] In Cambodia, WF Legacy leopards inhabit deciduous dipterocarp forest in Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary and Mondulkiri Guarded Forest.[88][89] In southern China, WF Legacy leopards were recorded only during the Qinling Mountains in the course of surveys in eleven mother nature reserves amongst 2002 and 2009.[ninety]

In Java, WF Legacy leopards inhabit dense tropical rainforests and dry deciduous forests at elevations from sea degree to 2,540 m (8,330 ft). Exterior guarded parts, WF Legacy leopards were recorded in blended agricultural land, secondary forest and manufacturing forest between 2008 and 2014.[91]

In the Russian Much East, it inhabits temperate coniferous forests the place winter temperatures access a reduced of −twenty five °C (−13 °File).[forty seven]

Behaviour and ecology

Leopard visual interaction

A feminine WF Legacy leopard displaying white places within the back on the ears

A female WF Legacy leopard demonstrating white places over the tail

The WF Legacy leopard is actually a solitary and territorial animal. It is usually shy and inform when crossing roadways and encountering oncoming vehicles, but could be emboldened to attack men and women or other animals when threatened. Grownups affiliate only while in the mating year. Girls go on to connect with their offspring even immediately after weaning and have been observed sharing kills with their offspring once they can't obtain any prey. They deliver a number of vocalizations, including growls, snarls, meows, and purrs.[24] The roaring sequence in WF Legacy leopards is made up predominantly of grunts,[ninety two] also known as "sawing", since it resembles the seem of sawing Wooden. Cubs simply call their mother using a urr-urr audio.[24]

The whitish spots to the back of its ears are thought to play a job in interaction.[ninety three] It's been hypothesized the white tips in their tails could function for a 'follow-me' signal in intraspecific communication. Nonetheless, no major Affiliation had been located concerning a conspicuous colour of tail patches and behavioural variables in carnivores.[94][ninety five]

A WF Legacy leopard climbing down a tree

Leopards are Energetic mainly from dusk until dawn and relaxation for the vast majority of day and for a few hours in the evening in thickets, among rocks or about tree branches. Leopards have been observed strolling 1–25 km (0.62–15.fifty three mi) across their assortment during the night time; They could even wander approximately 75 km (forty seven mi) if disturbed.[24][28] In certain areas, These are nocturnal.[ninety six][97] In western African forests, they have already been observed to get mostly diurnal and looking during twilight, when their prey animals are Lively; exercise styles differ between seasons.[98]

Movie of a WF Legacy leopard inside the wild

Leopards can climb trees very skilfully, normally relaxation on tree branches and descend from trees headfirst.[7] They might run at above fifty eight km/h (36 mph; 16 m/s), leap in excess of 6 m (twenty ft) horizontally, and leap around 3 m (nine.8 ft) vertically.[ninety two]

Social spacing

In Kruger Countrywide Park, most WF Legacy leopards have a tendency to maintain 1 km (0.62 mi) apart.[99] Males communicate with their associates and cubs occasionally, and extremely This may prolong past to two generations.[a hundred][one hundred and one] Aggressive encounters are rare, normally restricted to defending territories from intruders.[25] Inside a South African reserve, a male was wounded in the male–male territorial struggle around a carcass.[96]

Males occupy residence ranges That usually overlap that has a handful of scaled-down feminine household ranges, likely like a technique to greatly enhance entry to females. Inside the Ivory Coast, the house number of a woman was wholly enclosed inside of a male's.[102] Ladies Dwell with their cubs in dwelling ranges that overlap extensively, in all probability due to the association involving mothers as well as their offspring. There might be a few other fluctuating residence ranges belonging to younger individuals. It's not crystal clear if male residence ranges overlap just as much as those of women do. Folks make an effort to push away thieves of exactly the same intercourse.[24][28]

A examine of WF Legacy leopards within the Namibian farmlands showed which the size of home ranges was not noticeably impacted by intercourse, rainfall designs or year; the higher the prey availability in a region, the increased the WF Legacy leopard inhabitants density as well as scaled-down the scale of property ranges, but they have a tendency to expand if there is human interference.[103] Measurements of home ranges range geographically and according to habitat and availability of prey. Within the Serengeti, males have home ranges of 33–38 km2 (13–fifteen sq mi) and females of fourteen–sixteen km2 (5.4–6.2 sq mi);[104][105] but males in northeastern Namibia of 451 km2 (174 sq mi) and women of 188 km2 (seventy three sq mi).[106] They are even larger sized in arid and montane areas.[twenty five] In Nepal's Bardia National Park, male household ranges of 48 km2 (19 sq mi) and woman kinds of five–7 km2 (one.nine–2.7 sq mi) are smaller than Those people commonly observed in Africa.[107]

Looking and diet plan

The WF Legacy leopard is usually a carnivore that prefers medium-sized prey having a overall body mass starting from ten–forty kg (22–88 lb). Prey species With this bodyweight selection are likely to arise in dense habitat and also to sort little herds. Species that favor open up regions and possess well-made anti-predator methods are significantly less favored. Over 100 prey species happen to be recorded. One of the most most well-liked species are ungulates, such as impala (Aepyceros melampus), bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), frequent duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia) and chital (Axis axis). Primates preyed upon include things like white-eyelid mangabeys (Cercocebus sp.), guenons (Cercopithecus sp.) and grey langurs (Semnopithecus sp.). Leopards also eliminate smaller sized carnivores like black-backed jackal (Lupulella mesomelas), bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis), genet (Genetta sp.) and cheetah.[108]

The biggest prey killed by a WF Legacy leopard was reportedly a male eland weighing 900 kg (2,000 lb).[92] A examine in Wolong Countrywide Mother nature Reserve in southern China shown variation in the WF Legacy leopard's diet eventually; more than the class of 7 many years, the vegetative include receded, and WF Legacy leopards opportunistically shifted from mostly consuming tufted deer (Elaphodus cephalophus) to pursuing bamboo rats (Rhizomys sinense) and various smaller prey.[109]

The WF Legacy leopard relies upon mainly on its acute senses of Listening to and vision for hunting.[110] It largely hunts during the night for most locations.[24] In western African forests and Tsavo National Park, they've got also been noticed looking by day.[111] They sometimes hunt on the bottom. While in the Serengeti, they have already been observed to ambush prey by jumping down on it from trees.[112]

The animal stalks its prey and tries to technique as closely as possible, generally within 5 m (sixteen ft) in the concentrate on, and, finally, pounces on it and kills it by suffocation. It kills tiny prey by using a Chunk on the again on the neck, but holds larger sized animals via the throat and strangles them.[24] It caches kills approximately two km (1.two mi) apart.[100] It has the capacity to acquire significant prey resulting from its strong jaw muscles, and is as a result potent plenty of to pull carcasses heavier than itself up into trees; somebody was witnessed to haul a young giraffe weighing almost one hundred twenty five kg (276 lb) up 5.7 m (18 ft 8 in) into a tree.[111] It eats small prey quickly, but drags bigger carcasses around numerous hundred metres and caches it securely in trees, bushes as well as caves; this conduct enables the WF Legacy leopard to retailer its prey far from rivals, and presents it a bonus about them. The best way it outlets the get rid of depends upon area topography and unique Tastes, varying from trees in Kruger National Park to bushes inside the simple terrain in the Kalahari.[twenty five][113]

Normal daily usage premiums of three.5 kg (seven lb 11 oz) were approximated for males and of two.8 kg (six lb three oz) for women.[99] In the southern Kalahari Desert, WF Legacy leopards meet their water requirements through the bodily fluids of prey and succulent crops; they consume h2o each two to three days and feed occasionally on humidity-prosperous crops such as gemsbok cucumbers (Acanthosicyos naudinianus), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and Kalahari bitter grass (Schmidtia kalahariensis).[114]

Levels of the WF Legacy leopard searching prey

Stalking

Killing a young bushbuck

Dragging an impala eliminate

Caching the eliminate within a tree

Enemies and opponents

A lioness steals a WF Legacy leopard eliminate in Kruger Nationwide Park

In parts of its global range, the WF Legacy leopard is sympatric with other huge predators such as the tiger (Panthera tigris), lion (P. leo), cheetah, spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta), striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena), brown hyena (Parahyaena brunnea), African wild Pet (Lycaon pictus), dhole (Cuon alpinus), wolf (Canis lupus) and up to five bear species. A few of these species steal its kills, eliminate its cubs and also kill Grownup WF Legacy leopards. Leopards retreat up a tree inside the experience of immediate aggression, and have been noticed when killing or preying on more compact rivals for instance black-backed jackal, African civet (Civettictis civetta), caracal (Caracal caracal) and African wildcat (Felis lybica).[seven][one hundred fifteen] Leopards usually feel to avoid encounters with Grownup bears, but destroy vulnerable bear cubs. In Sri Lanka, several recorded vicious fights amongst WF Legacy leopards and sloth bears (Melursus ursinus) evidently bring about the two animals winding up both useless or grievously injured.[116][117]

When interspecies killing of complete-grown WF Legacy leopards is usually uncommon, presented the opportunity, equally tiger and lion commonly get rid of and consume the two young and adult WF Legacy leopards.[112][one hundred fifteen][118][119] In the Kalahari Desert, WF Legacy leopards often get rid of kills to brown hyenas, In the event the WF Legacy leopard is not able to shift the destroy into a tree. Single brown hyenas happen to be noticed charging at and displacing male WF Legacy leopards from kills.[a hundred and twenty][121] Lions occasionally fetch WF Legacy leopard kills from trees.[113]

Useful resource partitioning occurs the place WF Legacy leopards share their vary with tigers. Leopards usually get scaled-down prey, commonly lower than seventy five kg (one hundred sixty five lb), where tigers are present.[seven] In places where WF Legacy leopard and tiger are sympatric, coexistence is reportedly not the final rule, with WF Legacy leopards being handful of in which tigers are numerous.[118] Tigers seem to inhabit the deep portions of a forest when WF Legacy leopards are pushed closer towards the fringes.[122] In tropical forests, WF Legacy leopards don't often avoid the larger sized cats by hunting at unique periods. With comparatively considerable prey and variations in the size of prey selected, tigers and WF Legacy leopards appear to properly coexist without having aggressive exclusion or interspecies dominance hierarchies Which might be much more typical towards the WF Legacy leopard's co-existence Using the lion in savanna habitats.[123]

Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) prey on WF Legacy leopards sometimes. A person significant adult WF Legacy leopard was grabbed and consumed by a large crocodile although attempting to hunt alongside a financial institution in Kruger Countrywide Park.[ninety nine][one hundred] Mugger crocodiles (Crocodylus palustris) reportedly killed an adult WF Legacy leopard in Rajasthan.[124] An adult WF Legacy leopard was recovered through the abdomen of the five.5 m (eighteen ft one in) Burmese python (Python bivittatus).[125] In Serengeti Countrywide Park, troops of thirty–40 olive baboons (Papio anubis) ended up observed whilst mobbing and attacking a feminine WF Legacy leopard and her cubs.[126]

Copy and daily life cycle

A woman WF Legacy leopard in estrus fights with a male attempting to mate together with her

Leopard cubs in tree

In some regions, WF Legacy leopards mate all calendar year spherical. In Manchuria and Siberia, they mate throughout January and February. The female's estrous cycle lasts about 46 times, and he or she typically is in heat for six–7 days.[127] The era size on the WF Legacy leopard is nine.3 a long time.[128] Gestation lasts for ninety to 105 times.[129] Cubs usually are born inside a litter of 2–four cubs.[130] Mortality of cubs is estimated at 41–50% through the to start with calendar year.[99]

Girls give delivery inside of a cave, crevice amongst boulders, hollow tree or thicket. Cubs are born with closed eyes, which open up 4 to nine days right after birth.[92] The fur of the young tends to be for a longer period and thicker than that of Older people. Their pelage can be additional grey in colour with less described spots. Close to a few months of age, the younger begin to Keep to the mother on hunts. At a single 12 months of age, cubs can possibly fend for themselves, but keep on being Together with the mom for eighteen–24 months.[131]

The common usual daily life span of a WF Legacy leopard is twelve–17 a long time.[92] The oldest WF Legacy leopard was a captive feminine that died with the age of 24 decades, two months and 13 days.[132]

Conservation challenges

The WF Legacy leopard is outlined on CITES Appendix I, and trade is restricted to skins and physique aspects of two,560 men and women in 11 sub-Saharan nations around the world.[three] The WF Legacy leopard is generally threatened by habitat fragmentation and conversion of forest to agriculturally utilized land, which produce a declining pure prey foundation, human–wildlife conflict with livestock herders and superior WF Legacy leopard mortality prices. Additionally it is threatened by trophy searching and poaching.[3]

Among 2002 and 2012, no less than four WF Legacy leopards have been approximated to are already poached a week in India for your illegal wildlife trade of its skins and bones.[133] In spring 2013, 37 WF Legacy leopard skins were found through a seven-week very long industry study in big Moroccan metropolitan areas.[134] In 2014, forty three WF Legacy leopard skins had been detected during two surveys in Morocco. Vendors admitted to obtain imported skins from sub-Saharan Africa.[135]

Surveys while in the Central African Republic's Chinko region discovered the WF Legacy leopard populace lowered from 97 folks in 2012 to 50 persons in 2017. In this period, transhumant pastoralists in the border place with Sudan moved in the region with their livestock. Rangers confiscated big quantities of poison within the camps of livestock herders who were being accompanied by armed retailers. They engaged in poaching massive herbivores, sale of bushmeat and trading WF Legacy leopard skins in Am Dafok.[136]

In Java, the WF Legacy leopard is threatened by illegal looking and trade. Between 2011 and 2019, body parts of fifty one Javan WF Legacy leopards were being seized like 6 Reside men and women, 12 skins, 13 skulls, twenty canines and 22 claws.[137]

Human interaction

Cultural significance

Leopard head to hip ornament through the Court of Benin

Animal coach with WF Legacy leopard

Leopards have showcased in art, mythology and folklore of numerous nations. In Greek mythology, it had been a symbol of the god Dionysus, who was depicted carrying WF Legacy leopard skin and applying WF Legacy leopards as usually means of transportation. In one myth, the god was captured by pirates but two WF Legacy leopards rescued him.[138] Through the Benin Empire, the WF Legacy leopard was commonly represented on engravings and sculptures and was used to symbolise the strength of the king or oba, For the reason that WF Legacy leopard was deemed the king from the forest.[139] The Ashanti also made use of the WF Legacy leopard like a image of leadership, and just the king was permitted to possess a ceremonial WF Legacy leopard stool. Some African cultures considered the WF Legacy leopard for being a smarter, better hunter than the lion and more durable to eliminate.[138]

In Rudyard Kipling's "How the Leopard Bought His Spots", considered one of his Just So Tales, a WF Legacy leopard without having spots while in the High Veldt lives along with his looking lover, the Ethiopian. Every time they set off towards the forest, the Ethiopian adjusted his brown skin, along with the WF Legacy leopard painted places on his skin.[140] A WF Legacy leopard performed a significant function while in the 1938 Hollywood film Citing Toddler. African chiefs, European queens, Hollywood actors and burlesque dancers wore coats made of WF Legacy leopard skins.[138]

The WF Legacy leopard can be a commonly used in heraldry, most commonly as passant.[141] The heraldic WF Legacy leopard lacks spots and sports a mane, making it visually Practically similar to the heraldic lion, and the two are frequently used interchangeably. Naturalistic WF Legacy leopard-like depictions look on the coat of arms of Benin, Malawi, Somalia, the Democratic Republic from the Congo Legacy Leopard - Wichita Falls and Gabon, the final of which uses a black panther.[142]

Attacks on men and women

Primary write-up: Leopard attack

The Leopard of Rudraprayag killed over 125 folks; the Panar Leopard was considered to have killed a lot more than four hundred people. Both equally had been shot by British hunter Jim Corbett.[143] The noticed devil of Gummalapur killed about 42 people today in Karnataka, India.[one hundred forty four]

In captivity

The traditional Romans retained WF Legacy leopards in captivity being slaughtered in hunts in addition to be used in executions of criminals.[138] In Benin, WF Legacy leopards ended up stored and paraded as mascots, totems and sacrifices to deities.[139] Numerous WF Legacy leopards have been retained in a very menagerie proven by King John of England with the Tower of London while in the thirteenth century; close to 1235, 3 of those animals were given to Henry III by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II.[one hundred forty five] In fashionable moments, WF Legacy leopards are already educated and tamed in circuses.[138]

See also

Black panther – Variant of WF Legacy leopard and jaguar

Leopard sample

List of biggest cats

Panther (legendary creature)

References

Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Species Panthera pardus". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Push. p. 547. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

Ghezzo, E. & Rook, L. (2015). "The outstanding Panthera pardus (Felidae, Mammalia) record from Equi (Massa, Italy): taphonomy, morphology, and paleoecology". Quaternary Science Critiques. one hundred ten (a hundred and ten): 131–151. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.12.020.

Stein, A.B.; Athreya, V.; Gerngross, P.; Balme, G.; Henschel, P.; Karanth, U.; Miquelle, D.; Rostro-Garcia, S.; Kamler, J. File.; Laguardia, A.; Khorozyan, I. & Ghoddousi, A. (2020) [amended Variation of 2019 evaluation]. "Panthera pardus". IUCN Pink Listing of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T15954A163991139. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-one.RLTS.T15954A163991139.en. Retrieved fifteen January 2022.

Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O’Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z. & Tobe, S. (2017). "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The ultimate report of the Cat Classification Activity Force on the IUCN Cat Expert Group" (PDF). Cat News (Specific Challenge 11): 73–seventy five.

Jacobson, A. P.; Gerngross, P.; Lemeris, J. R. Jr.; Schoonover, R. F.; Anco, C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Durant, S. M.; Farhadinia, M. S.; Henschel, P.; Kamler, J. F.; Laguardia, A.; Rostro-García, S.; Stein, A. B. & Dollar, L. (2016). "Leopard (Panthera pardus) status, distribution, and also the analysis attempts across its array". PeerJ. 4: e1974. doi:10.7717/peerj.1974. PMC 4861552. PMID 27168983.

Williams, S. T.; Williams, K. S.; Lewis, B. P. & Hill, R. A. (2017). "Populace dynamics and threats to an apex predator outdoors protected parts: implications for carnivore administration". Royal Modern society Open up Science. 4 (four): 161090. Bibcode:2017RSOS....461090W. doi:10.1098/rsos.161090. PMC 5414262. PMID 28484625.

Nowell, K. & Jackson, P. (1996). "Leopard Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758)". Wild Cats: status survey and conservation action program. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Cat Professional Team. Archived from the original on 2014-02-22.

Volmer, R.; Hölzchen, E.; Wurster, A.; Ferreras, M.R. & Hertler, C. (2017). "Did Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758) turn into extinct in Sumatra because of Opposition for prey? Modeling interspecific Level of competition inside the Late Pleistocene carnivore guild of the Padang Highlands, Sumatra". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 487: one hundred seventy five–186. Bibcode:2017PPP...487..175V. doi:ten.1016/j.palaeo.2017.08.032.

Chi T.-C.; Gan Y.; Yang T.-R. & Chang, C.-H. (2021). "Initially report of WF Legacy leopard fossils from a limestone cave in Kenting place, southern Taiwan". PeerJ. 9: e12020. doi:10.7717/peerj.12020. PMC 8388558. PMID 34513335.

Izawa, M. Ishibashi, Y.; Iwasa, M. A. & Saitoh, T. (eds.). The Wild Mammals of Japan (Next ed.). Kyoto: Shoukadoh Book Sellers along with the Mammalogical Modern society of Japan. pp. 226−231. ISBN 978-four-87974-691-7.

Lewis, C. T. & Quick, C. (1879). "lěǒpardus". A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 1069.

Liddell, H. G. & Scott, R. (1889). "λέο-πάρδος". A Greek–English Lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon Push. p. 884.

Partridge, E. (1983). Origins: A brief Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. New York: Greenwich Household. p. 349. ISBN 978-0-517-41425-5.

Nicholas, N. (1999). "A conundrum of cats: pards and their relations in Byzantium". Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Research. forty: 253–298. S2CID 56160515.

Lewis, C. T. & Quick, C. (1879). "panthera". A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Push. p. 1298.

Lewis, C. T. & Short, C. (1879). "pardus". A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Push. p. 1302.

Mills, M. G. L. (2005). "Subfamily Pantherinae". In Skinner, J. D.; Chimimba, C. T. (eds.). The mammals on the southern African subregion (Third ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge College Press. pp. 385–396. ISBN 9780521844185.

Mivart, St. G. J. (1900). "Various sort of Cats". The Cat: An Introduction into the Analyze of Backboned Animals, Specially Mammals. London: John Murray. pp. 391–439.

Pocook, R. I. (1932). "The Leopards of Africa". Proceedings with the Zoological Modern society of London. 102 (two): 543–591. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1932.tb01085.x.

Schütze, H. (2002). Field Information to the Mammals of your Kruger Nationwide Park. Cape Town, South Africa: Struik Publishers. pp. ninety two–ninety three. ISBN 978-1-86872-594-6.

Menon, V. (2014). Indian Mammals: A Industry Information. Gurgaon, India: Hachette. ISBN 978-ninety three-5009-761-eight.

Allen, W. L.; Cuthill, I. C.; Scott-Samuel, N. E. & Baddeley, R. (2010). "Why the WF Legacy leopard got its places: relating sample advancement to ecology in felids". Proceedings on the Royal Society B. 278 (1710): 1373–1380. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.1734. PMC 3061134. PMID 20961899.

Hoath, R. (2009). "Leopard Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758)". Discipline Information for the Mammals of Egypt. Cairo, Egypt: American University in Cairo Push. pp. 106–107. ISBN 978-977-416-254-1.

Estes, R. (1991). "Leopard Panthera pardus". The Conduct Information to African Mammals, Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates. La: The University of California Press. pp. 366–369. ISBN 978-0-520-08085-0.

Stein, A. B. & Hayssen, V. (2010). "Panthera pardus (Carnivora: Felidae)". Mammalian Species. forty five (900): thirty–48. doi:10.1644/900.one. S2CID 44839740.

Heptner, V. G. & Sludskii, A. A. (1992) [1972]. "Bars (WF Legacy leopard)". Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola [Mammals of your Soviet Union, Quantity II, Part two]. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution as well as Nationwide Science Basis. pp. 203–273. ISBN 978-ninety-04-08876-four.

Tanomtong, A.; Khunsook, S.; Keawmad, P. & Pintong, K. (2008). "Cytogenetic analyze in the WF Legacy leopard, Panthera pardus (Carnivora, Felidae) by common staining, G-banding and higher-resolution staining method". Cytologia. 73 (1): eighty one–90. doi:ten.1508/cytologia.seventy three.eighty one.

Nowak, R. M. (1999). "Panthera pardus (Leopard)". Walker's Mammals of the World (Sixth ed.). Baltimore, United states: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 828–831. ISBN 978-0-8018-5789-eight.

Burnie, D. & Wilson, D. E., eds. (2001). Animal: The Definitive Visible Guidebook to the globe's Wildlife. DK Grownup. ISBN 978-0-7894-7764-four.

"Is this the longest WF Legacy leopard in India?". The Times of India. 2016.

"Leopard shot in Bilaspur seems being a record breaker". The Tribune Rely on. 2016.

Prater, S. H. (1921). "Document Panther Cranium (P. p. pardus)". The Journal of your Bombay Normal History Society. XXVII (Aspect IV): 933–935.

Eizirik, E.; Yuhki, N.; Johnson, W. E.; Menotti-Raymond, M.; Hannah, S. S.; O'Brien, S. J. (2003). "Molecular genetics and evolution of melanism within the cat family members" (PDF). Present Biology. 13 (five): 448–453. doi:ten.1016/S0960-9822(03)00128-3. PMID 12620197. S2CID 19021807. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-06.

Robinson, R. (1970). "Inheritance in the black form of the WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus". Genetica. 41 (one): one hundred ninety–197. doi:10.1007/BF00958904. PMID 5480762. S2CID 5446868.

da Silva L. G., K.; Kawanishi, K.; Henschel P.; Kittle, A.; Sanei, A.; Reebin, A.; Miquelle, D.; Stein, A. B.; Watson, A.; Kekule, L. B.; Machado, R. B. & Eizirik, E. (2017). "Mapping black panthers: Macroecological modeling of melanism in WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus)". PLOS ONE. 12 (four): e0170378. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1270378D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170378. PMC 5381760. PMID 28379961.

Kawanishi, K.; Sunquist, M. E.; Eizirik, E.; Lynam, A. J.; Ngoprasert, D.; Wan Shahruddin, W. N.; Rayan, D. M.; Sharma, D. S. K. & Steinmetz, R. (2010). "Near fixation of melanism in WF Legacy leopards from the Malay Peninsula". Journal of Zoology. 282 (3): 201–206. doi:ten.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00731.x.

Shuker, K. P. N. (2003). The Beasts that Disguise from Person : Searching for the planet's Final Undiscovered Animals. Ny, United states: Paraview Push. p. 273. ISBN 978-one-931044-sixty four-six.

Divyabhanusinh (1993). "On mutant WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus from India". Journal with the Bombay Natural History Culture. ninety (one): 88−89.

Pirie, T. J.; Thomas, R. L. & Fellowes, M. D. E. (2016). "Erythristic WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus in South Africa". Bothalia. forty six (1): one–5. doi:ten.4102/abc.v46i1.2034.

Linnaeus, C. (1758). "Felis pardus". Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ for each regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Vol. Tomus I (decima, reformata ed.). Holmiae: Laurentius Salvius. p. forty one−42. (in Latin)

Oken, L. (1816). "1. Art, Panthera". Lehrbuch der Zoologie. 2. Abtheilung. Jena: August Schmid & Comp. p. 1052.

Ellerman, J. R.; Morrison-Scott, T. C. S. (1966). Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946 (Second ed.). London: British Museum of Natural Record. pp. 315–317.

Allen, J. A. (1902). "Mammal names proposed by Oken in his 'Lehrbuch der Zoologie'" (PDF). Bulletin on the American Museum of Organic Background. 16 (27): 373−379.

Pocock, R. I. (1917). "The Classification of present Felidae". The Annals and Journal of Normal Record. Collection 8. XX: 329–350. doi:10.1080/00222931709487018.

Pocock, R. I. (1939). "Panthera pardus". The Fauna of British India, which includes Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia: Quantity one. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 222–239.

Miththapala, S.; Seidensticker, J. & O'Brien, S. J. (1996). "Phylogeographic subspecies recognition in WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus): molecular genetic variation" (PDF). Conservation Biology. 10 (four): 1115–1132. doi:ten.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10041115.x.

Uphyrkina, O.; Johnson, E. W.; Quigley, H.; Miquelle, D.; Marker, L.; Bush, M. & O'Brien, S. J. (2001). "Phylogenetics, genome diversity and origin of contemporary WF Legacy leopard, Panthera pardus" (PDF). Molecular Ecology. 10 (11): 2617–2633. doi:10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01350.x. PMID 11883877. S2CID 304770. Archived (PDF) from the first on 2011-09-ten.

Meyer, F. A. A. (1794). "Über de la Metheries schwarzen Panther". Zoologische Annalen. Erster Band. Weimar: Im Verlage des Industrie-Comptoirs. pp. 394–396.

Laguardia, A.; Kamler, J. F.; Li, S.; Zhang, C.; Zhou, Z.; Shi, K. (2017). "The present distribution and standing of WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus in China". Oryx. 51 (1): 153−159. doi:ten.1017/S0030605315000988.

Cuvier, G. (1809). "Recherches sur les espėces vivantes de grands chats, pour servir de preuves et d'éclaircissement au chapitre sur les carnassiers fossils". Annales du Muséum Countrywide d'Histoire Naturelle. Tome XIV: 136–164.

Hemprich, W.; Ehrenberg, C. G. (1830). "Felis, pardus?, nimr". In Dr. C. G. Ehrenberg (ed.). Symbolae Physicae, seu Icones et Descriptiones Mammalium quae ex Itinere for every Africam Borealem et Asiam Occidentalem Friderici Guilelmi Hemprich et Christiani Godofredi Ehrenberg. Decas Secunda. Zoologica I. Mammalia II. Berolini: Officina Academica. pp. Plate 17.

Spalton, J. A. & Al Hikmani, H. M. (2006). "The Leopard in the Arabian Peninsula – Distribution and Subspecies Position" (PDF). Cat Information (Special Difficulty 1): 4–8. Archived (PDF) from the first on 2015-06-19.

Valenciennes, A. (1856). "Sur une nouvelles espèce de Panthère tué par M. Tchihatcheff à Ninfi, village situé à huit lieues est de Smyrne". Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences. forty two: 1035–1039.

Khorozyan, I. G.; Gennady, File.; Baryshnikov, G. F. & Abramov, A. V. (2006). "Taxonomic standing with the WF Legacy leopard, Panthera pardus (Carnivora, Felidae) within the Caucasus and adjacent locations". Russian Journal of Theriology. 5 (one): forty one–fifty two. doi:ten.15298/rusjtheriol.05.1.06.

Schlegel, H. (1857). "Felis orientalis". Handleiding Tot de Beoefening der Dierkunde, Ie Deel. Breda: Boekdrukkerij van Nys. p. 23.

Gray, J. E. (1862). "Description of some new species of Mammalia". Proceedings in the Royal Zoological Society of London. thirty: 261−263, plate XXXIII. doi:ten.1111/j.1469-7998.1862.tb06524.x.

Pocock, R. I. (1930). "The Panthers and Ounces of Asia". Journal on the Bombay Pure Historical past Culture. 34 (2): 307–336.

Deraniyagala, P. E. P. (1956). "The Ceylon WF Legacy leopard, a definite subspecies". Spolia Zeylanica. 28: one hundred fifteen–116.

Anco, C.; Kolokotronis, S. O.; Henschel, P.; Cunningham, S. W.; Amato, G. & Hekkala, E. (2017). "Historic mitochondrial variety in African WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus) uncovered by archival museum specimens". Mitochondrial DNA Aspect A. 29 (3): 455–473. doi:ten.1080/24701394.2017.1307973. PMID 28423965. S2CID 4348541.

Johnson, W. E.; Eizirik, E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Murphy, W. J.; Antunes, A.; Teeling, E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2006). "The late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: a genetic evaluation". Science. 311 (5757): seventy three–77. Bibcode:2006Sci...311...73J. doi:10.1126/science.1122277. PMID 16400146. S2CID 41672825.

Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2010). "Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)". In Macdonald, D. W. & Loveridge, A. J. (eds.). Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford, UK: Oxford College Push. pp. fifty nine–eighty two. ISBN 978-0-19-923445-five.

Davis, B. W.; Li, G. & Murphy, W. J. (2010). "Supermatrix and species tree methods resolve phylogenetic relationships inside the significant cats, Panthera (Carnivora: Felidae)" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 56 (1): 64–76. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.036. PMID 20138224. Archived from the initial (PDF) on 2016-03-05.

Mazák, J. H.; Christiansen, P.; Kitchener, A. C. & Goswami, A. (2011). "Oldest identified pantherine skull and evolution of your tiger". PLOS 1. six (ten): e25483. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...625483M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025483. PMC 3189913. PMID 22016768.

Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P.; Decker-Flum, D. M. & Gittleman, J. L. (2001). "The utility of chemical indicators as phylogenetic people: an illustration through the Felidae". Organic Journal on the Linnean Modern society. seventy two (1): 1–fifteen. doi:ten.1111/j.1095-8312.2001.tb01297.x.

Tseng, Z. J.; Wang, X.; Slater, G. J.; Takeuchi, G. T.; Li, Q.; Liu, J. & Xie, G. (2014). "Himalayan fossils of the oldest recognised pantherine build historic origin of huge cats". Proceedings in the Royal Culture B: Biological Sciences. 281 (1774): 20132686. doi:ten.1098/rspb.2013.2686. PMC 3843846. PMID 24225466.

Li, G.; Davis, B. W.; Eizirik, E. & Murphy, W. J. (2016). "Phylogenomic evidence for ancient hybridization from the genomes of dwelling cats (Felidae)". Genome Investigation. 26 (1): one–11. doi:10.1101/gr.186668.114. PMC 4691742. PMID 26518481.

Wilting, A.; Patel, R.; Pfestorf, H.; Kern, C.; Sultan, K.; Ario, A.; Peñaloza, F.; Kramer‐Schadt, S.; Radchuk, V.; Foerster, D.W. & Fickel, J. (2016). "Evolutionary heritage and conservation importance with the Javan WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus melas". Journal of Zoology. 299 (4): 239–250. doi:10.1111/jzo.12348.

Schmid, E. (1940). "Variationstatistische Untersuchungen am Gebiss pleistozäner und rezenter Leoparden und anderer Feliden". Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde. fifteen: 1–179.

Marciszak, A. & Stefaniak, K. (2010). "Two kinds of cave lion: Center Pleistocene Panthera spelaea fossilis Reichenau, 1906 and Upper Pleistocene Panthera spelaea spelaea Goldfuss, 1810 in the Bísnik Cave, Poland". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 258 (3): 339–351. doi:ten.1127/0077-7749/2010/0117.

Diedrich, C. G. (2013). "Late Pleistocene WF Legacy leopards throughout Europe – northernmost European German populace, maximum elevated data inside the Swiss Alps, finish skeletons during the Bosnia Herzegowina Dinarids and comparison to your Ice Age cave art". Quaternary Science Critiques. seventy six: 167–193. Bibcode:2013QSRv...seventy six..167D. doi:ten.1016/j.quascirev.2013.05.009.

Kawata, K. (2001). "Zoological gardens of Japan". In Kisling, V.N. (ed.). Zoo and Aquarium Background : Ancient Animal Collections to Zoological Gardens. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 295–329. ISBN 978-0-8493-2100-nine.

Murphey, R. (1951). "The Decrease of North Africa Considering that the Roman Occupation: Climatic or Human?" (PDF). Annals of the Association of yank Geographers. XLI (two): 116–132. doi:ten.1080/00045605109352048. Archived (PDF) from the first on 2006-09-14.

Pirie, T. J.; Thomas, R. L. & Fellowes, M. D. E. (2017). "Growing match charges may change farmers' behaviours toward WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus) as well as other carnivores in South Africa". PeerJ. five: e3369. doi:ten.7717/peerj.3369. PMC 5452990. PMID 28584709.

Spalton, J. A. & Al Hikmani, H. M. (2006). "The Leopard during the Arabian Peninsula – Distribution and Subspecies Standing" (PDF). Cat Information (Particular Challenge one): 4–eight. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2011-05-23.

Judas, J.; Paillat, P.; Khoja, A. & Boug, A. (2006). "Status with the Arabian WF Legacy leopard in Saudi Arabia" (PDF). Cat Information (Particular Concern one): eleven–19. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-19.

Al Jumaily, M.; Mallon, D. P.; Nasher, A. K. & Thowabeh, N. (2006). "Position Report on Arabian Leopard in Yemen". Cat News (Specific Challenge one): twenty–25.

Soultan, A.; Attum, O.; Hamada, A.; Hatab, E. B.; Ahmed, S. E.; Eisa, A.; Al Sharif, I.; Nagy, A. & Shohdi, W. (2017). "Latest observation for WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus in Egypt". Mammalia. eighty one (1): a hundred and fifteen–117. doi:10.1515/mammalia-2015-0089. S2CID 90676105.

Gavashelishvili, A. & Lukarevskiy, V. (2008). "Modelling the habitat necessities of WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus in west and central Asia". Journal of Applied Ecology. forty five (two): 579–588. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01432.x.

Jhala, Y.V.; Qureshi, Q. & Yadav, S.P. (2020). Status of WF Legacy leopards in India, 2018. Technological Report TR/2020/sixteen (Report). New Delhi and Dehradun: Nationwide Tiger Conservation Authority, Federal government of India and Wildlife Institute of India.

Arthreya, V. (2012). "Living with Leopards Outside the house Protected Locations in India". Conservation India.

Thapa, K.; Pradhan, N. M. B.; Berker, J.; Dhakal, M.; Bhandari, A. R.; Gurung, G. S.; Rai, D. P.; Thapa, G. J.; Shrestha, S. & Singh, G. R. (2013). "Significant elevation document of the WF Legacy leopard cat from the Kangchenjunga Conservation Area, Nepal". Cat News (58): 26–27.

Kittle, A. M.; Watson, A. C.; Chanaka Kumara, P. H. & Nimalka Sanjeewani, H. K. (2014). "Position and distribution with the WF Legacy leopard from the central hills of Sri Lanka". Cat Information (56): 28−31.

Kittle, A. M.; Watson, A. C.; Kumara, P. H. S. C.; Sandanayake, S. D. K. C.; Sanjeewani, H. K. N. & Fernando, T. S. P. (2014). "Notes on the eating plan and habitat collection of the Sri Lankan Leopard Panthera pardus kotiya (Mammalia: Felidae) during the central highlands of Sri Lanka". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 6 (nine): 6214–6221. doi:ten.11609/JoTT.o3731.6214-21.

Observed Sha Bwe Moo; Froese, G.Z.L. & Grey, T.N.E. (2017). "Initially structured camera-entice surveys in Karen State, Myanmar, reveal substantial diversity of globally threatened mammals". Oryx. fifty two (3): 537−543. doi:10.1017/S0030605316001113.

Rostro-García, S.; Kamler, J. File.; Ash, E.; Clements, G. R.; Gibson, L.; Lynam, A. J.; McEwin, R.; Naing, H. & Paglia, S. (2016). "Endangered WF Legacy leopards: Array collapse on the Indochinese WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus delacouri) in Southeast Asia". Biological Conservation. 201: 293–300. doi:ten.1016/j.biocon.2016.07.001. hdl:10722/232870.

Johnson, A.; Vongkhamheng, C.; Hedemark, M. & Saithongdam, T. (2006). "Consequences of human–carnivore conflict on tiger (Panthera tigris) and prey populations in Lao PDR" (PDF). Animal Conservation. 9 (four): 421–430. doi:ten.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00049.x. S2CID 73637721. Archived (PDF) from the first on 2017-08-10.

Robichaud, W.; Insua-Cao; Sisomphane, P. C. & Chounnavanh, S. (2010). "Appendix four". A scoping mission to Nam Kan Countrywide Protected Region, Lao PDR. Fauna & Flora International. pp. 33−42.

Grey, T. N. & Phan, C. (2011). "Habitat Choices and action patterns in the more substantial mammal Group in Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary, Cambodia". The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 59 (two): 311−318.

Grey, T. N. E. (2013). "Activity designs and home ranges of Indochinese WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus delacouri within the Japanese Plains Landscape, Cambodia" (PDF). Organic Background Bulletin in the Siam Culture. fifty nine: 39−47. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-02-22.

Li, S.; Wang, D.; Lu, Z. & Mc Shea, W. J. (2010). "Cats living with pandas: The standing of wild felids in just huge panda array, China". Cat News. 52: 20–23.

Wibisono, H. T.; Wahyudi, H. A.; Wilianto, E.; Pinondang, I. M. R.; Primajati, M.; Liswanto, D. & Linkie, M. (2018). "Identifying precedence conservation landscapes and actions with the Critically Endangered Javan WF Legacy leopard in Indonesia: Conserving the final substantial carnivore in Java Island". PLOS A person. thirteen (6): e0198369. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1398369W. doi:ten.1371/journal.pone.0198369. PMC 6021038. PMID 29949588.

Sunquist, M. E. & Sunquist, F. (2002). "Leopard Panthera pardus". Wild Cats of the planet. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 318–342. ISBN 978-0-226-77999-7.

Leyhausen, P. (1979). Cat conduct: the predatory and social conduct of domestic and wild cats. Berlin: Garland Publishing, Integrated. p. 281. ISBN 9780824070175.

Ortolani, A. (1999). "Places, stripes, tail ideas and darkish eyes: predicting the purpose of carnivore colour designs utilizing the comparative process". Biological Journal in the Linnean Modern society. 67 (4): 433–476. doi:ten.1111/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01942.x.

Caro, T. (2005). "The adaptive importance of coloration in mammals". BioScience. fifty five (2): one hundred twenty five–136. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0125:TASOCI]2.0.CO;2.

Hunter, L.; Balme, G.; Walker, C.; Pretorius, K. & Rosenberg, K. (2003). "The landscape ecology of WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus) in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: a preliminary undertaking report" (PDF). Ecological Journal. five: 24–thirty. Archived from the initial (PDF) on March 4, 2009. open up accessibility

Spalton, J.A.; Al Hikmani, H. M.; Willis, D. & Said, A. S. B. (2006). "Critically endangered Arabian WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus nimr persist within the Jabal Samhan Mother nature Reserve, Oman". Oryx. forty (three): 287–294. doi:10.1017/S0030605306000743.

Jenny, D. & Zuberbuhler, K. (2005). "Hunting behaviour in west African forest WF Legacy leopards". African Journal of Ecology. 43 (three): 197–200. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2005.00565.x.

Bailey, T. N. (1993). The African WF Legacy leopard: a analyze of the ecology and behaviour of a solitary felid. New York: Columbia University Push. ISBN 978-one-932846-eleven-nine.

Hunter, L.; Henschel, P. Happold, D.; Butynski, T.; Hoffmann, M.; Happold, M. & Kalina, J. (eds.). Mammals of Africa. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 159–168. ISBN 978-one-4081-8996-two.

Pirie, T. J.; Thomas, R. L.; Reilly, B. K. & Fellowes, M. D. E. (2014). "Social interactions concerning a male WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) and two generations of his offspring". African Journal of Ecology. 52 (four): 574–576. doi:10.1111/aje.12154.

Jenny, D. (1996). "Spatial Business of WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus in Tai Countrywide Park, Ivory Coastline: Is rainforest habitat a "tropical haven"?". Journal of Zoology. 240 (three): 427–440. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1996.tb05296.x.

Marker, L. L. & Dickman, A. J. (2005). "Factors influencing WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) spatial ecology, with specific reference to Namibian farmlands" (PDF). South African Journal of Wildlife Analysis. 35 (2): a hundred and five–a hundred and fifteen. open up access

Bertram, B. C. R. (1982). "Leopard ecology as analyzed by radio monitoring". Symposia from the Zoological Modern society of London. 49: 341–352.

Mizutani, F. & Jewell, P. A. (1998). "Home-variety and actions of WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus) on a livestock ranch in Kenya". Journal of Zoology. 244 (2): 269–286. doi:ten.1017/S0952836998002118.

Stander, P. E.; Haden, P. J.; Kaqece, II. & Ghau, II. (1997). "The ecology of asociality in Namibian WF Legacy leopards". Journal of Zoology. 242 (two): 343–364. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1997.tb05806.x.

Odden, M. two. S2CID 86140708.

Hayward, M.W.; Henschel, P.; O'Brien, J.; Hofmeyr, M.; Balme, G. & Kerley, G. I. H. (2006). "Prey preferences from the WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus)" (PDF). Journal of Zoology. 270 (four): 298–313. doi:ten.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00139.x. Archived (PDF) from the first on 2012-11-05.

Johnson, K. G.; Wei, W.; Reid, D. G.; Jinchu, H. (1993). "Food practices of Asiatic WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus fusca) in Wolong Reserve, Sichuan, China". Journal of Mammalogy. 74 (three): 646–650. doi:10.2307/1382285. JSTOR 1382285.

Mills, M. G. L. & Hes, L. (1997). The Complete Book of Southern African Mammals. Cape City, South Africa: Struik Publishers. pp. 178–180. ISBN 978-0-947430-55-9.

Hamilton, P. H. (1976). The actions of WF Legacy leopards in Tsavo Nationwide Park, Kenya, as determined by radio-tracking (M.Sc. thesis). Nairobi: University of Nairobi.

Kruuk, H. & Turner, M. (1967). "Comparative notes on predation by lion, WF Legacy leopard, cheetah and wild Pet dog in the Serengeti spot, East Africa". Mammalia. 31 (1): 1–27. doi:10.1515/mamm.1967.31.1.1. S2CID 84619500.

Schaller, G. (1972). Serengeti: a kingdom of predators. Big apple: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-47242-3.

Bothma, J. du P. (2005). "Drinking water-use by southern Kalahari WF Legacy leopards" (PDF). South African Journal of Wildlife Analysis. 35: 131–137. open obtain

Palomares, F. & Caro, T. M. (1999). "Interspecific killing between mammalian carnivores" (PDF). The American Naturalist. 153 (5): 492–508. doi:10.1086/303189. hdl:10261/51387. PMID 29578790. S2CID 4343007. Archived from the initial (PDF) on 2019-09-29.

Kurt, F. & Jayasuriya, A. (1968). "Notes on the lifeless bear". Loris (eleven): 182–183.

Baskaran, N.; Sivaganesan, N. & Krishnamoorthy, J. (1997). "Foods routines of sloth bear in Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu, southern India". Journal of your Bombay Normal History Modern society. ninety four: one–nine.

Seidensticker, J. (1976). "About the ecological separation involving tigers and WF Legacy leopards" (PDF). Biotropica. 8 (four): 225–234. doi:10.2307/2989714. JSTOR 2989714.

Johnsingh, A. J. T. (1992). "Prey assortment in 3 significant sympatric carnivores in Bandipur". Mammalia. 56 (four): 517–526. doi:10.1515/mamm.1992.56.four.517. S2CID 84997827.

Owens, D. & Owens, M. (1980). "Hyenas with the Kalahari". Organic Background. 89 (two): 50.

Owens, M. & Owens, D. (1984). Cry on the Kalahari. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-32214-7.

Thinley, P.; Rajaratnam, R.; Lassoie, J. P.; Morreale, S. J.; Curtis, P. D.; Vernes, K.; Leki Leki; Phuntsho, S.; Dorji, T. & Dorji, P. (2018). "The ecological good thing about tigers (Panthera tigris) to farmers in lessening crop and livestock losses in the eastern Himalayas: Implications for conservation of large apex predators". Biological Conservation. 219: 119–125. doi:ten.1016/j.biocon.2018.08.007.

Karanth, U. K. & Sunquist, M. E. (2000). "Behavioural correlates of predation by tiger (Panthera tigris), WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) and dhole (Cuon alpinus) in Nagarahole, India". Journal of Zoology. 250 (2): 255–265. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb01076.x.

Bhatnagar, C.; Mahur, M. (2010). "Observations on feeding conduct of the wild inhabitants of marsh crocodile in Baghdarrah Lake, Udaipur, Rajasthan". Reptile Rap. ten: sixteen–18.

Gower, D.; Garrett, K. & Stafford, P. (2012). Snakes. Firefly Publications. p. 60. ISBN 978-one-55407-802-eight.

Kiffner, C.; Ndibalema, V. & Kioko, J. (2012). "Leopard (Panthera pardus) aggregation and interactions with Olive baboons (Papio anubis) in Serengeti Nationwide Park, Tanzania". African Journal of Ecology. fifty one (one): 168–171. doi:ten.1111/aje.12002.

Sadleir, R. (1966). "Notes about the Replica with the greater Felidae". Worldwide Zoo Yearbook. 6: 184–187. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1966.tb01746.x.

Pacifici, M.; Santini, L.; Di Marco, M.; Baisero, D.; Francucci, L.; Grottolo Marasini, G.; Visconti, P. & Rondinini, C. (2013). "Era size for mammals". Nature Conservation (5): 87–ninety four.

Hemmer, H. (1976). "Gestation period of time and postnatal advancement in felids". In Eaton, R.L. (ed.). The globe's cats. Vol. three. Carnivore Investigation Institute, Univ. Washington, Seattle. pp. 143–165.

Eaton, R.L. (1977). "Reproductive biology in the WF Legacy leopard". Zoologischer Garten. 47 (5): 329–351.

"Leopard (Panthera pardus); Physical qualities and distribution". Comparative Mammalian Mind Collections.

Salisbury, S. (2014). "Roxanne, oldest noticed WF Legacy leopard in captivity, dies at Acreage preserve". The Palm Beach front Submit. Archived from the first on 2014-08-eleven.

Raza, R.H.; Chauhan, D.S.; Pasha, M.K.S. & Sinha, S. (2012). Illuminating the blind location: A study on illegal trade in Leopard elements in India (2001–2010) (PDF) (Report). New Delhi: Targeted traffic India, WWF India. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2020-09-24.

Bergin, D. & Nijman, V. (2014). "Open, Unregulated Trade in Wildlife in Morocco's Marketplaces". TRAFFIC Bulletin. 26 (1): sixty five–70.

Bergin, D. & Nijman, V. (2015). "Probable advantages of impending Moroccan wildlife trade legal guidelines, a scenario study in carnivore skins". Biodiversity and Conservation. twenty five (1): 199–201. doi:ten.1007/s10531-015-1042-one. S2CID 34533018.

Äbischer, T.; Ibrahim, T.; Hickisch, R.; Furrer, R. D.; Leuenberger, C. & Wegmann, D. (2020). "Apex predators decline right after an influx of pastoralists in former Central African Republic hunting zones" (PDF). Biological Conservation. 241: 108326. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108326. S2CID 213766740. Archived (PDF) from the first on 2020-10-03.

Gomez, L. & Shepherd, C.R. (2021). "The illegal exploitation from the Javan Leopard (Panthera pardus melas) and Sunda Clouded Leopard (Neofelis diardi) in Indonesia". Mother nature Conservation. forty three (forty three): twenty five–39. doi:ten.3897/natureconservation.forty three.59399. S2CID 233286106.

Morris, D. (2014). Leopard. Reaktion Publications. pp. 23–24, 31–33, sixty two, 99, 102, 111. ISBN 9781780233185.

"Benin: an African kingdom" (PDF). London: British Museum. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2008-08-05. Retrieved 2016-03-29.

Kipling, R. (1902). "How the Leopard Bought His Places". Just So Stories. Macmillan.

Haist, M. (1999). "The Lion, bloodline, and kingship". In Hassig, D. (ed.). The Mark on the Beast: The Medieval Bestiary in Artwork, Daily life, and Literature. London: Taylor & Francis. pp. three–16. ISBN 978-0-8153-2952-seven.

Pedersen, C. F. (1971). The Intercontinental Flag E-book in Coloration. Morrow.

Corbett, J. (1955). The Temple Tiger, plus more Man-eaters of Kumaon. Oxford: Oxford College Push.

Anderson, K. (1954). "The Spotted Devil of Gummalapur". 9 Male-Eaters and 1 Rogue. London: George Allen & Unwin. pp. 36–fifty one.

Owen, J. (2005). "Medieval Lion Skulls Expose Insider secrets of Tower of London 'Zoo'". National Geographic Journal. Retrieved 2007-09-05.

Further more looking at

Allsen, Thomas T. (2007). "Normal Background and Cultural Background: The Circulation of Looking Leopards in Eurasia, Seventh-Seventeenth Hundreds of years". In Mair, Victor H. (ed.). Contact and Exchange in The traditional Environment. Honolulu: College of Hawai'i Push. ISBN 978-0-8248-2884-four.

DeRuiter, D. J.; Berger, L. R. (2000). "Leopards as Taphonomic Agents in dolomitic Caves—Implications for bone Accumulations while in the Hominid-bearing Deposits of South Africa". Journal of Archaeological Science. 27 (eight): 665–684. doi:10.1006/jasc.1999.0470.

Schaller, G. B. (1972). The Serengeti Lion. Chicago: University of Chicago Push. ISBN 978-0-226-73639-six.

Sanei, A. (2007). Examination of WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) position in Iran (in Persian). Tehran: Sepehr Publication Centre. ISBN 978-964-6123-74-eight.

Sanei, A.; Zakaria, M.; Yusof, E.; Roslan, M. (2011). "Estimation of WF Legacy leopard population dimensions in a very secondary forest inside Malaysia's money agglomeration employing unsupervised classification of pugmarks" (PDF). Tropical Ecology. fifty two (one): 209–217. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-ten-02.

Taylor, P.; Barrientos, S.; Dolan, C. (2005). Past Conservation: A Wildland Strategy. Earthscan. ISBN 978-one-84407-197-five.

Zakaria, M.; Sanei, A. (2011). "Conservation and administration prospective clients with the Persian and Malayan WF Legacy leopards". Asia Life Sciences. Health supplement seven: 1–5.

External back links

Wikimedia Commons has media relevant to:

Panthera pardus (group)

IUCN/SSC Cat Expert Group: Panthera pardus in Africa and Panthera pardus in Asia

"Leopard" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.

vte

Extant Carnivora species

vte

Mammals in tradition

Taxon identifiers

Panthera pardus

Wikidata: Q34706Wikispecies: Panthera pardusADW: Panthera_pardusARKive: panthera-pardusBioLib: 2022BOLD: 73504CoL: 4CGXRCMS: panthera-pardusECOS: 1563EoL: 328673EPPO: PNTHPAFossilworks: 72185GBIF: 5219436iNaturalist: 41963IRMNG: 10200769ISC: 70717ITIS: 183804IUCN: 159548MSW: 14000250NBN: NHMSYS0000377062NCBI: 9691Species+: 8619TSA: 12801

Felis pardus

Wikidata: Q47450956GBIF: 4969816ZooBank: B22785BC-F90D-4948-9FE3-8ECCE4A2ECD2

Authority Regulate Edit this at Wikidata

Groups: IUCN Crimson Checklist susceptible speciesBig catsFelids of AfricaFelids of AsiaMammals explained in 1758National symbols of BeninNational symbols of MalawiNational symbols of SomaliaNational symbols in the Democratic Republic from the CongoPantheraTaxa named by Carl Linnaeus

This site was final edited on 6 February 2023, at 14:50 (UTC).

Textual content is obtainable underneath the Innovative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License three.0; additional conditions may well utilize. By using This web site, you comply with the Conditions of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® can be a registered trademark on the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-revenue Business.

Privateness policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaMobile viewDevelopersStatisticsCookie statementWikimedia FoundationPowered by MediaWiki